1. Basic Optics
    1. Introduction to vergence
    2. Quantifying vergence without numbers
    3. Quantifying vergence with numbers
    4. Practice problems – vergence and distance
    5. A quick vergence review
  2. Lenses
    1. Defining lens power
    2. Nomenclature for lens diagrams
    3. Defining lenses as plus or minus
    4. Introduction to cylindrical lenses
    5. Mapping cylindrical axis
    6. The optical power cross
    7. Practice problems – cylindrical lenses
    8. Introduction to toric lenses
    9. Cylindrical lens is just a specific type of toric lens
    10. Lenses are additive
    11. Building a toric system from a spherical and plus cylindrical lens
    12. Building a toric system from a spherical and minus cylindrical lens
    13. Building a toric system from two cylindrical lenses
    14. Practice problems – toric lenses
    15. More practice problems – toric lenses
    16. Converting between minus and plus cylinder notations
    17. Spherical equivalent
  3. Visual acuity
    1. What are we measuring when we measure visual acuity?
    2. Measuring visual acuity in the eye clinic
  4. Cones and conoids
    1. Conic section
    2. Conoid of Sturm
    3. Visual acuity and conic sections
    4. Spherical equivalent
  5. Eye as optical system
    1. Emmetropic eye
    2. Myopic eye
    3. Hyperopic eye
    4. Astigmatic eye
    5. A word about irregular astigmatism
  6. Lensometry
  7. Subjective refraction
    1. Spherical refraction
    2. First step in toric refraction – maximizing sphere
    3. Avoiding over-minusing
    4. Identifying axis using the Jackson Cross Cylinder
    5. Negating the power of astigmatism using the Jackson Cross Cylinder
    6. Refining with sphere and end games
    7. Subjective refraction – putting it all together
  8. Objective refraction
    1. Retinoscope
    2. Retinoscopic reflexes
    3. Spherical refraction with the retinoscope
    4. Identifying the axis of astigmatism with the retinoscope
    5. Finding the power of astigmatism with the retinoscope
    6. Retinoscope – putting it all together
  9. Near Refraction
    1. Accommodation and presbyopia
    2. The near add